Purpose of Phenomenological Research

Purpose of Phenomenological Research Understanding the meaning of peoples lived experiences is the focus of phenomenology (McConnell-Henry, Chapman, Francis, 2009). Phenomenology is the philosophy or method of inquiry whereby all truths are understood through self awareness (Dictionary.com Unabridged, 2006). Ascribed from the words phenomenon and logos, an implied meaning of phenomenology is the logical interpretation of a phenomenon. Phenomena refer to any observed occurrences that are understood in our minds. Whereas logos is the human ability to think and express thoughts clearly into words (Vivilaki Johnson, 2008). In the mind, phenomena are interpreted logically through the use of logos (Vivilaki Johnson, 2008) to enhance meaning and understanding of lifes experiences (Bryne, 2001). Method Philosophical Base Phenomenology can be viewed as atheoretical in that it may not use a pre-selected theoretical framework (Mapp, 2008; Munhall, 2007). The epistemological and ontological theoretical basics of phenomenology have been established for decades by various philosophers with different methods (Mapp, 2008). Therefore, a thorough understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology is essential when establishing the methods for a phenomenological research study. When qualitative researchers explain their methods using the phenomenologist they ascribe to, this foundation allows the unique ability of examining the world from a distinct phenomenological perspective. Thus, the philosophy and theory of the method itself guide the study when phenomenology is the theoretical framework (Munhall Chenail, 2008). From a phenomenological viewpoint, the subjective experience of each person is examined for meaning and understanding, and not quantified into statistical data. While the scientific method has centered on the discovery of knowledge with little regard for the meaning of life experiences (Bryne, 2001), phenomenological studies are rising to provide insight into life experiences, particularly those surrounding health (Vivilaki Johnson, 2008). The three schools of thought related to phenomenology include Husserlian, Heideggerian, and Dutch/Urecht. Edmond Husseri, a mathematician, philosopher, and Father of phenomenology, believed the researcher should contain their beliefs and experiences through a process called transcendental consciousness or bracketing to objectively understand and describe the essence of a participants lived experience (Hunter, 2004; Mapp, 2008). The descriptive approach used in Husserlian phenomenology to explain phenomena is further delineated by van Manen (1990) into two forms, immediate and intermediate. The first form refers to the immediate lived experience and the second form is symbolic and refers to a mediated description such as text or art works, revealing greater analysis (van Manen, 1990). In contrast to Husseri, Martin Heidegger, a pupil of Husseri, meshed hermeneutics with phenomenology possibly due to his early theological background. He believed the researcher used previous beliefs and experiences to interpret the participants experience. Heidegger contended that being-in- the-world made it virtually impossible to bracket beliefs because the researchers prior knowledge, or fore-structure, would facilitate understanding the meaning of lived experiences(Mapp, 2008; McConnell-Henry, et al., 2009). There are two features in the interpretative approach used in Husserlian phenomenology. One part points to what the lived experience reveals and the other part points out the meaning of something already interpreted such as art work or text (van Manen, 1990). Both philosophical views, descriptive and interpretative were used with the Dutch/Urecht school of thought (Mapp, 2008; McConnell-Henry, et al., 2009). The philosopher, van Manen, believed the terms descriptive and interpretative could be used interchangeably. He seemingly concurred with the argument that all description is ultimately interpretation (van Manen, 1990). Each of the three philological underpinnings for phenomenology may overlap their theoretical base and generate confusion. This is no surprise given that the meaning of the lived human experiences is diverse with an endless range of inquiries(Hunter, 2004). Key Assumptions Phenomenology is supported by a number of key assumptions (Munhall, 2007; Orb, 2000). Each person involved in the research study will be referred to as participants. Participants are willing to speak openly and truthfully about their experiences. The phenomenological question is a meaning question that is clear and easily understood by the participant. The therapeutic imperative of nursing (advocacy) takes precedence over the research imperative (advancing knowledge) if conflict develops. The ethical system of deontological (people are not to be treated as means) reflects qualitative nursing. The researcher will continually inform the participant, renegotiate, and ask permission as unexpected changes occur during the study to reflect process consenting. The researcher will make no attempts to engage in problem solving. It is possible for the researcher to discover and understand the participants perception and derive meaning of their lived experience. The researcher acknowledges any beliefs, biases, assumptions, or presuppositions that may that may hinder the veracity of the study. The researcher is an active medium for the voice of their participants without altering their life experiences. The sample is adequate and appropriate reflecting saturation and replication. The researcher will not generalize study results. Appropriate Situations for Use Phenomenology is widely used in various areas of research that deal with human experiences such as nursing, psychology, sociology and education (McConnell-Henry, et al., 2009). Several phenomenological nursing research studies were examined. In one study, Clarke (2009) used a reflective diary to provide transparency, self-development, and clarification of her thoughts and feelings as a novice researcher. Another study conducted by Koch (1994) examined the rigor involved in a study of elderly patients who were victims of negligence. A study on spiritual care for the ill patients without religious affiliation identified several implications for policy change to affect current nursing practice and the educational preparation of nurses (Creel, 2007). Research on experienced emergency nurses stressed the importance of knowledge and experience as key to intuition (Lyneham, Parkinson, Denholm, 2008). The final study cited the experience of advance beginner nurses employed in psychiatric facilities with limited educational preparation and the need for change in the ed ucational arena (Waite, 2006). Each of the studies examined were useful in communicating how participants view the world as they experience the studied phenomenon (Munhall, 2007). The results of the studies are most useful when the researcher allows the data to speak to the reader (van Manen, 1990). Most important, the phenomenology studies create hope. In addition, these studies can be used to liberate us from long held beliefs that cut-off the voice of a persons lived experience (Munhall, 2007). Sample Research Questions The questions in phenomenology research are meaning questions and unlike problem questions, they are not designed to be solved. Instead, the questions allow significance and understanding of phenomena. Phenomenological questions are never closed out with a correct answer. These questions remain open to provide new meaning and insight to those who hope to benefit from the response (van Manen, 1990). Phenomenological questions are questions of wonder that resonate in the heart of the researcher whereby the researcher lives the question and becomes the question by questioning over and over again until the question reveals the essence of its nature. In contrast, empirical research allows statistical data to answer the question for masses of people with no regard for the unique lives of participants. The question in phenomenological research focuses on the phenomenon studied and what the experience is really like for the participant. The knowledge derived from the simple question, what is it like? not only helps participants think and talk about their experiences, but it pulls the reader into the phenomenological description and instills wonder about the phenomena revealed and aids understanding of human experiences (van Manen, 1990). Formulating the research question has some similarities to empirical methods in that the research question is formulated according to the chosen philosopher and the aim of the study. For example, if Heidegger is the philosopher, then the question will focus on being in the world. As an example, the question would reflect the experience the being is in and ask: What does it mean to be a human being and have this experience (Munhall, 2007)? According to Munhall (2007), it is imperative that meaning be the primary focus of the study. Sample questions that focus, reflect meaning, and understanding of the phenomenon are as addressed (McConnell-Henry, et al., 2009; Munhall, 2007; van Manen, 1990). What is/are meaning(s) in this experience or phenomenon? What is being described here? What is it like to be a person having this experience? What is it like for those surrounding the person? How is the phenomenon reflected and manifested in human relationships? What is the evolving meaning(s) that surrounds the phenomenon over time and how does this manifest itself in human experience? What is the nature of the lived experience? What does it mean to be a . . . ? What does this . . . mean to you and what do you mean to this . . . ? What does this really mean? Data Analysis Most Common Methods Unlike empirical research, there is no method of procedures that are quickly understood and mastered when conducting phenomenological research (Munhall, 2007). Phenomenology with its emphasis on understanding the lived experience does not lend itself to specific steps in an effort to protect the veracity of the phenomenon (Groenewald, 2004). Description of methods are not designed to be linear procedural steps, but rather a way to understand the approach to phenomenological research (Munhall, 2007; vanManen, 1990). According to van Manen (1990), methods cannot be fixed, but as questions arise during the research, methods may be either discovered or invented. Munhall (2007) purposed a two-fold purpose for developing a phenomenological method of inquiry. Her first intent was to aide students and colleagues in various efforts such as novice researcher understanding, preparation for dissertation proposals, institutional review board approval, and grant applications. Secondly, she wanted qualitative research established with the same credibility and respect as the scientific method (Munhall, 2007). Munhall (2007) derived her analysis method from the work of van Manen. The main philosophical difference between Munhall and van Manen is that Munhall views phenomenological research as a problem solving agent that can effect change in policy and practice. In addition, she believes phenomenological research results can augment the capacity for caring and compassion, and enhance awareness of unknown and erroneous information (Munhall, 2007). An overview of the methods for phenomenological inquiry and data analysis described by Munhall (2007) is compared to the different phenomenological approaches. Table 1 depicts the similarities of three common methods, descriptive/interpretative (van Manen, 1990), descriptive (Waite, 2006), and interpretative hermeneutics (Crist Tanner, 2003). How Results Are Usually Presented Results are written in a narrative format and condensed into a summary of major interpretations. The narrative should reflect the most meaningful aspect of the research study that could shed light on the problem studied and potentiate social change. Participants are generally asked to read the summary to verify the meaning of their lived experiences. Understanding the lived experiences of the people in the world in which they live can have powerful implications for issues such as non-adherent behaviors (Munhall, 2007). Munhall (2007) purports that non-adherent behavior results from not understanding the patient and the meaning of a behavior to the patient. Findings from phenomenology studies should be disseminated to give voice to the lived experiences of the participants (Munhall, 2007). The thrust of phenomenology is to give birth to the ideas of others (Vivilaki Johnson, 2008). Phenomenological research studies are rooted in caring about the experiences of participants and the desire to make a difference. The question upon the completion of the study is So what? These studies command interventions for change that are viable and designed to make a difference (Munhall, 2007).

Time To Change :: essays research papers

Time To Change The earth and many of its contents, thanks in large part to humans, is deteriorating and it has been for quite a time now. It is overwhelmingly populated with both ignorant and lazy people. In effect, not much is being done to prevent this deterioration. For instance, we are killing off vital animal populations every day. We have caused the extinction or endangerment of numerous species for absolutely no reason other than selfishness. An example is the poaching of elephants. We are killing these animals only for our own wealth. We take their ivory and leave them behind to die. As a result, they are on the verge of extinction. Also, pollution caused by humans and their inventions cause a major dilemma. Automobile exhaust fumes and factory pollutants are only a couple of the impurities causing damaging affects to the ozone layer and atmosphere. We depend on the ozone to defend us from harmful UV rays. Finally, we have a major impact on the degeneration of natural resources. Millions of gallons of oil, coal, and other valuable resources are wasted each day. These are just a few of the human disruptions to nature available to our knowledge. We are conscious of many more, and there are probably others that we are not aware of. If we do not start taking them seriously soon it will be too late, if it is not already. We need to reevaluate our priorities and plan for the future existence of this world. A group labeled the Earth-Firsters' often attempt to accomplish this task through drastic and sometimes dangerous methods. As Joni Seager states ( The Eco-Fringe: Deep Ecology, Pg. 636), "In Australia, Earth-First protesters buried themselves up to their necks in the sand in the middle of logging roads to stop lumbering operations; in the American Southwest, Earth Firsters handcuffed themselves to trees and bulldozers to prevent logging; and in California, they dressed in dolphin and mermaid costumes to picket the stockholders' meeting of a tuna-fishing company." The Earth-Firsters' tactics are not the only drastic only measures they practice. Their ideas seem to be quite extreme as well. For example, they believe the population of the world is entirely too high, by as much as ninety percent, causing too much "wear and tear" to the earth. To resolve this issue, some say we should cease all study toward the curing of disease. Others said we should stop aid to the poor, sick, and homeless. They ration in Africa that the sickness is a natural occurrence. Also, some of the Earth-Firsters' believe in order to conserve land and nature, Time To Change :: essays research papers Time To Change The earth and many of its contents, thanks in large part to humans, is deteriorating and it has been for quite a time now. It is overwhelmingly populated with both ignorant and lazy people. In effect, not much is being done to prevent this deterioration. For instance, we are killing off vital animal populations every day. We have caused the extinction or endangerment of numerous species for absolutely no reason other than selfishness. An example is the poaching of elephants. We are killing these animals only for our own wealth. We take their ivory and leave them behind to die. As a result, they are on the verge of extinction. Also, pollution caused by humans and their inventions cause a major dilemma. Automobile exhaust fumes and factory pollutants are only a couple of the impurities causing damaging affects to the ozone layer and atmosphere. We depend on the ozone to defend us from harmful UV rays. Finally, we have a major impact on the degeneration of natural resources. Millions of gallons of oil, coal, and other valuable resources are wasted each day. These are just a few of the human disruptions to nature available to our knowledge. We are conscious of many more, and there are probably others that we are not aware of. If we do not start taking them seriously soon it will be too late, if it is not already. We need to reevaluate our priorities and plan for the future existence of this world. A group labeled the Earth-Firsters' often attempt to accomplish this task through drastic and sometimes dangerous methods. As Joni Seager states ( The Eco-Fringe: Deep Ecology, Pg. 636), "In Australia, Earth-First protesters buried themselves up to their necks in the sand in the middle of logging roads to stop lumbering operations; in the American Southwest, Earth Firsters handcuffed themselves to trees and bulldozers to prevent logging; and in California, they dressed in dolphin and mermaid costumes to picket the stockholders' meeting of a tuna-fishing company." The Earth-Firsters' tactics are not the only drastic only measures they practice. Their ideas seem to be quite extreme as well. For example, they believe the population of the world is entirely too high, by as much as ninety percent, causing too much "wear and tear" to the earth. To resolve this issue, some say we should cease all study toward the curing of disease. Others said we should stop aid to the poor, sick, and homeless. They ration in Africa that the sickness is a natural occurrence. Also, some of the Earth-Firsters' believe in order to conserve land and nature,

Being and becoming

In order to be human, not only the idea of reflection upon life is necessary but in emphasizes of the use of the Socratic method in that reflection and in the course of finding the truth, questions are paired with such reflection. At this level, questioning and reflection are the apex of what it means to be human.Socrates however had some varying views on philosophy that opposed some of what Plato believed. Socrates was a skeptic, as was Plato, and as can be exemplified in the cave metaphor, but Socrates also believed that a person can be convicted of their own beliefs even if they cannot find their pathway of truth.Plato, in contrast, believed that philosophers were the delegates who maintained what was and was not truth, and led the way to such truth for the common man. It is not then self-interest that leads a person to happiness, and there is a definite equilibrium between the allowance of each part of the soul guided by reason, and asceticism. Plato was a not a Sophist. Without the guidance of moral reason then a state of chaos would ensue entailing an everyman for himself type of attitude.It is a bitter debate on whether or not Socrates was a Sophist, he himself vehemently denied it but some of his philosophies correlated with Sophist thinking (i. e. the issues of ethics, and living a good life, each Sophist preoccupations). Morality must then be shown as adhering to individual interests. Plato did not agree with the type of hedonism exhibited by the Sophists, who thought human nature was an extension of the animal world. Instead, Plato states that the nature of man is reason; and in this reason exists an organized society constructed by reason.Happiness for the rational man then comes into fruition by governing their more base, animal, desires, which are irrational. This morality is extended into the realm of society because of human interaction. Therefore, if a man is to be the pinnacle of reason, and morality, and happiness, then the society that he li ves and associates must then also exhibit such a moral temperance. If then a society is blinded by hedonism, or pure desire of self, a man in that society has no hope for personal happiness because of lack of morality, reason, and thus fully succumbing to akrasia.In order to be human, not only the idea of reflection upon life is necessary but in emphasizes of the use of the Socratic method in that reflection and in the course of finding the truth, questions are paired with such reflection. At this level, questioning and reflection are the apex of what it means to be human. Socrates however had some varying views on philosophy that opposed some of what Plato believed. Socrates was a skeptic, as was Plato, and as can be exemplified in the cave metaphor, but Socrates also believed that a person can be convicted of their own beliefs even if they cannot find their pathway of truth.Plato, in contrast, believed that philosophers were the delegates who maintained what was and was not truth, and led the way to such truth for the common man. It is not then self-interest that leads a person to happiness, and there is a definite equilibrium between the allowance of each part of the soul guided by reason, and asceticism. Plato was a not a Sophist. Without the guidance of moral reason then a state of chaos would ensue entailing an everyman for himself type of attitude.It is a bitter debate on whether or not Socrates was a Sophist, he himself vehemently denied it but some of his philosophies correlated with Sophist thinking (i. e. the issues of ethics, and living a good life, each Sophist preoccupations). Work Cited MacDonald, Ross. Socrates versus Plato. Aspects of Education. P9-22. 1996. Plato. Phaedo. Plato. Crito. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. < http://classics. mit. edu/Plato/crito. html>

The Ideals of the Code of Masculinity in Advertisements

The Ideals of the Code of Masculinity in Advertisements Many print advertisements which promote cigarettes, alcohol, sport clothes, and perfume for males present strong men who embody the concept of masculinity. In spite of the fact it is popular today to focus on handsome and rather feminine men in advertisements, the idea of masculinity is widely supported in the media and advertising.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Ideals of the Code of Masculinity in Advertisements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his work, Michael Kimmel focuses on the key claim that the men’s life is regulated by a specific code of masculinity the basic norms of which are to never demonstrate emotions and weakness (Kimmel). This idea is reflected in the Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike ads. Thus, masculinity is the complex notion which rules the life of men in order to confirm their gender, status, and social position. The Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike advertisements seem to be about energetic and confident men and about products which contribute to the males’ active behaviors, but these ads are really about the features and qualities which are associated with masculinity and actions of a ‘real man’ according to the definite code of conduct for males. Masculinity is a complex of rules and ideas which are usually followed by men during all their life. It depends on the demonstration of strength and focus on success and victory, the demonstration of aggression and readiness to risk. The physical attractiveness and emotional expressiveness are perceived as the female qualities that is why they are prohibited according to the ‘Guy Code’ or code of masculinity (Kimmel). Men are afraid of being compared with women when it is a result of the other men’s perception. The Stetson advertisement seems to be about a handsome man using the definite perfume. The advertisement to promote the Stetson perfume for males presents a man in a car against the background of the wild nature (â€Å"Stetson†). Discussing the visual with the help of the masculinity lens, it is necessary to concentrate on the details which can attract the men’s attention and become associated with masculinity in order to make the potential male customer buy the product. Thus, the man’s appearance is associated with strength because of the accentuated muscles and the definite male face expression with frowning brows. These details help create the image of a masculine man. The man is depicted in a red car, and the color is typically associated with courage and aggression. The background of the visual is the picture of the wild nature which can be connected with the pictures of the American wild territories (â€Å"Stetson†).Advertising Looking for critical writing on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Focusing on the pitch, this adve rtisement makes the audience believe that the portrayed man can be discussed as the image of the typical American who uses the production of the Stetson company because it emphasizes his masculinity. From this point, the cultural context of the advertisement is presented through the manipulation of the male American’s image. The above-mentioned details allow speaking about the effective usage of the masculinity idea in promotion. According to Kimmel, men are inclined to focus on the images of ‘real men’ during their childhood in order to follow these ideals during their ‘guy’ period (Kimmel). The advertisement can be discussed as depending on the strong associations which are the result of the men’s following the code of masculinity. Males are expected to positively react to such elements as the car, which is traditionally a ‘toy’ for adults, the red color associated with aggression, wild nature associated with risks, and muscles along with the masculine appearance associated with strength. Thus, the male image presented in the advertisement can be discussed as the embodiment of masculinity with references to many rules presented in the Guy Code. The Stetson advertisement seems to be about a handsome man using the definite perfume, but it can also be about the ideal embodiment of a man according to the code of masculinity which is based on associations. More direct messages are provided in the advertisement developed to promote the Djarum Super cigarettes (â€Å"Djarum Super†). The Djarum Super advertisement seems to be about an alpinist who can achieve the highest tops. Smoking is often discussed as a habit which is typical mainly for men. To make males buy the product, it is important to provide the association which will be pleasant for them. The visual represents a man climbing a rock against the background of strong grey and brown rocks and the pale sky. The man likes extreme, he is not afraid to risk because of focusing on strong feelings and emotions. Red colors are also presented in this visual to emphasize the atmosphere of risk and brutality (â€Å"Djarum Super†). If the man presented in the first advertisement evokes masculinity associations indirectly, the male figure depicted in the second advertisement is directly associated with a strong man who used to overcome problematic situations, barriers, and challenges in order to reach the top.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Ideals of the Code of Masculinity in Advertisements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The advertisement makes the male audience believe that extreme and risks are characteristic for men, and it is one of the masculinity elements. It is possible to predict men’s interest in the brand of cigarettes promoted because of the vivid associations. Thus, the advertisement wants the viewer to believe that smoking is for brave men who can achieve the highest tops. The cultural context is rather insignificant in this case. Following Kimmel’s discussion of masculinity and men’s fears to be considered as gays, it is necessary to note that the advertisement for the Djarum Super brand rejects any associations with feminine men. The presented man does not cry, but he is persistent while reaching the set goal. The image can be discussed as supported by the society in relation to the opinion on the ‘real man’ and idea of masculinity (Kimmel). As a result, the advertisement seems to be about brave alpinists, but it could be about such qualities as courage, persistence, confidence, and the ability to take risks which allow speaking about the male’s masculinity. Nevertheless, the message presented in the advertisement is more effective when it is accompanied by the written text. The advertisements developed to promote the Nike’s campaign seem to be about the famous sportsmen presenting the new shirts in a rather provocative manner. The advertisement with Aidil Zafuan where the man is stripping off his skin to represent the shirt is accompanied with the controversial slogan â€Å"Shirt on. Fear off† (â€Å"Nike†). This written text provides the direct reference to the code of masculinity according to which men should not feel any fear and demonstrate their weakness. The advertisement wants the viewer to believe that men should not feel fear and promote the associated Nike production. Sportsmen are the best models to emphasize the idea of the male strength. Men are interested in sport because they are interested in results, success, and victory. All these points along with the idea of avoiding fear are highlighted in the Nike advertisement. In spite of the fact the cultural context of the Nike advertisement is specific and the visual represents the Malaysian footballer, the masculinity idea is accentuated clearly and without refer ences to the national or cultural aspect.Advertising Looking for critical writing on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is possible to interpret the Nike advertisement with references to Kimmel’s claim and state that it is easier for men to skip off their skin than to admit or demonstrate their fear (Kimmel). Boys do not cry, and the advertisers operated this idea fully. The advertisement seems to be about sportsmen stripping off their skin, but it is really about the connection between sport, fashion, and masculinity because ‘real men’ do not feel fear and pain, and sportsmen are the best examples. While the discussed advertisements seem to be promoting the definite products, they are really promoting the image of a man based on the idea of masculinity and encouraging the associated males’ behaviors. A superficial viewer may believe the Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike advertisements to be about energetic and confident men, but the viewer who is familiar with Kimmel’s claim would see the advertisements as really selling the image of a ‘real man’ whose masculinity is also associated with the usage of the promoted products. The above-mentioned advertisements attract the male audience because they operate the concepts related to the code of masculinity discussed by Kimmel. The code of masculinity stresses on definite attitudes and behaviors reflecting a man’s masculine nature, and these norms reject any signs of the feminine behaviors in men. However, the effect can be decreased, if the advertisements are done differently. I can state that if the Stetson advertisement focuses more on a handsome model, the idea to represent a ‘real man’ can fail. If the Djarum Super advertisement is represented with the changed illustration, the idea of masculinity will not work. If the Nike advertisement is presented with the other text, the whole message cannot be interpreted correctly. Thus, the idea of a ‘real man’ is a complex notion which includes definite actions, emotions, feelings, behaviors, and aspects of appearance, and the Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike advertisements are developed to support this idea related to the masculinity concept. â€Å"Djarum Super†. n.d. JPEG file. Web. Kimmel, Michael. â€Å"Bros before Hos: The Guy Code†. Rereading America. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. USA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 608-617. Print. â€Å"Nike: Malaya Posters†. 2012. JPEG file. Web. â€Å"Stetson: Tom Brady†. 2007. JPEG file. Web.

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Essay Topic: Poes Poetry Bruce Dawe is one of the most inspirational and true poets of our clip. Born in 1930. in Geelong. most of Dawe’s poesy concerns the common individual. His verse forms are a remembrance on the universe and issues around him. The statement ‘The poet’s function is to dispute the universe they see around them’ is really true for Bruce Dawe. as his chief intent in his poesy was to picture the mute societal issues refering the common Australian suburban occupant. His echt concern for these issues is obvious through his mocking attack to the issues he presents in his verse form. ‘Drifters’ is about a household who move from topographic point to topographic point. as the male parent needs to travel by the demand of his occupation. Dawe wrote this verse form in a really insouciant linguistic communication ; nevertheless. if you read it carefully you would be able to see the earnestness of what he is stating. The immature kids are turning up to larn no other manner of life except the life of continuously traveling. as they are all waiting for the twenty-four hours they shall travel once more. The kids get really excited about traveling from topographic point to topographic point ‘and the childs will shout truly’ . The firstborn is going cognizant that their roaming lives may neer alter ‘the oldest miss is close to cryings because she was happy here’ . She is going frustrated with her life. Dawe shows commiseration for the married woman. as she has to gone through this so many more times before ‘she won’t even ask why they’re go forthing this time’ . Dawe writes sympathetically about the married woman. like when she asks her hubby Tom to do a want in the last line of the verse forms ‘Make a wish. Tom. do a wish’ . Because this is a uninterrupted event. the married woman is acquiring frustrated. as at the clip of packing one time once more she finds that she has non unpacked from there last move. Even though this verse form is written in a happy tone Dawe is being serious about the issue of how a household gets disquieted about being stuck in a life that is continuously traveling about and non being for good settled anyplace. ‘Homecoming’ was written in 1968 during the Vietnam War with the purpose of doing its audience aware of the inanity and calamity of war. The poem trades with the legion phases of conveying the dead place for at that place ‘homecoming’ . a purportedly joyous juncture worthy of great jubilation. The rubric serves as a changeless reminder of what may hold been. Rather than approaching place observing their Heroic endurance. they are being bought place dead. ‘They’re conveying them in. piled on the hulls of Grants. in trucks. in convoys ; they’re zipping them up in plastic bags’ . Dawe uses a figure of cagey poetic techniques in order to show his feelings towards war. The perennial usage of ‘they’ and ‘they’re’ in the first subdivision intimations at the impersonal relationship between the organic structures and their animal trainers. Dawe shows his audience how this is the rough world of war. if people allowed the usual human compassion to get the better of them every clip they saw yet another dead organic structure. it would be excessively intolerable. Rhythm is besides used a great trade in the first subdivision. doing it sound about chant-like through the usage of intermissions that form a direct round. This beat suggests a slow. mechanical procedure. about like an assembly line. Interestingly. Dawe goes against conventional methods of interrupting his verse form up into different stanzas. Despite this. it is apparent that the verse form exists in three chief subdivisions – the assemblage of organic structures in the jungles of Saigon. the flight back to Australian for the dead soldiers. and eventually the organic structures returning place. In the 2nd stage of the verse form. this humdrum beat is abandoned. Gone is the ‘human touch’ from in the jungles of Saigon. now the organic structures are being lifted ‘high. now. high and higher’ . proposing that the organic structures are being taken to be laid to rest in Eden. Wordss like ‘noble’ . ‘whine’ and ‘sorrowful’ are used to show the sorrow and repent that Australian’s will experience as their dead young persons are bought place. Through the usage of the personification of the planes. Dawe voices the unhappiness and futility of the state of affairs. ‘tracing the bluish curve of the Pacific with sorrowful speedy fingers’ . In the concluding stage of ‘Homecoming’ Dawe focuses on the soldiers eventually coming ‘home. place. home’ . The tone alterations. and the lines echo the feeling of homesick Australian soldiers. As the planes approach Australia ‘the seashores swing upward’ to run into the planes. This is the coastline that would hold been so familiar to the soldiers had they been coming home alive. yet now they don’t have the chance to see the ‘knuckled hills. the mangrove-swamps. the desert emptiness’ . an environment immensely different from the jungle they had fought so valorously in. ‘A Victorian hangman tells his love’ is about a adult male who enjoys what his occupation consists of. His occupation consists of hanging felons as a penalty for the offenses they have committed. Bruce Dawe writes this verse form from the bent adult males perspective. it tells the audience how he feels about executing. Dawe explains that the hangman is ashamed to have on his hangman apparels in forepart of his married woman. ‘Two piece tracksuit. welder’s goggles and a green fabric cap like some gross bee- this is the provinces idea†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . He thinks of a hanging as a bridal. and by reading these lines you can state how particular hangings are to him. The tone is of this verse form is ashamed and proud. the hangman is ashamed because of the inexpensive apparels he has to have on when it is so particular to him and proud because -=- - Dawe writes about the hangings as if they are a ritual. ‘This noose with which we’re wed is something o f an heirloom’ . the hangman feels as if the hanging gives them some sort of particular connexion. The human status is explained throughout this verse form. the manner people feel towards these hangings and the manner the hangman feels about these hangings. This was the last hanging to take topographic point in Australia. it was really controversial and Dawe writes about it as if the hangman is really disquieted. as this will be his concluding hanging. It is really Australian in puting as it is a specifying minute in our history as Australia. It was the last life taken for capital penalty in Australia. Dawe writes this verse form in a controversial manner as it describes how the hangman enjoys ‘ hitting the door lever. you will travel away into a new life’ this hangman thinks that he is making these work forces a favour by taking their lives. ‘On the Death of Ronald Ryan’ is about a adult male who is traveling to be executed for a offense he purportedly committed. Dawe writes this verse form in Ronald Ryan’s wife’s or lover perspective. The reader can experience her unhappiness towards Ronald’s executing. and her regard for him deceasing ‘most horrifyingly like a man’ . The human status is undeniably Australian as there is the mark of a true combatant ‘annealed un-tranquilized. contemning a concluding statement’ . Dawe writes of the married woman as if she wished Ronald died ‘with far more self-respect than the shabby ritual which gave you recognition for’ .

PARAPHRASE chapter 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PARAPHRASE chapter 13 - Essay Example ties better than competitors perform, a firm is potentially able to create more value than its competitors do.  Frequently, strategic positions in a firm can be classified into two broad categories, namely a cost advantage or a differentiation advantage. Should a firm beat others in activities that breed superior differentiation or in activities that create reduced expenses, its strategic standing should correspond to these activities. A firm can conveniently outsource its value-added activities to other firms that can do such activities at a relatively lower cost. However, a firm should refrain from outsourcing activities which though can be performed cheaply by other firms would lead it to subject itself to considerable transactions costs and hold. Chandler holds the view that capital-intensive industries enjoy economies of scale. Industries that can produce in large quantities can achieve considerable reductions in costs. A crucial ingredient of a few firms that will control the market and be successful is if they continue producing throughout. The marketing department is charged with identifying markets, securing distribution and determining the price at which the firm can sell its increased output. There exists few natural sources of economies of scale in labor-intensive industries hence big firms have no intrinsic cost advantage over small firms. Where there are many firms and absent product differentiation, the market will be dominated by few opportunities for profits. A key function of the marketing department is to distinguish the firm’s products in the mind of the consumer.  The department turns out to be a central origin of value in the firm. Successful differentiation on the other hand is capable of turning the market monopolistically competitive or oligopolistic where image differentiation is immensely successful. Marketing steers this progression of market structure. An experience good refers to a product whose quality is only assessable after

Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil Rights and Civil Liberties - Essay Example General opinions are that just as prohibition was ineffective through rebellion, so is likely to be the case with prohibiting use of such recreational drugs as the marijuana. The exercise of imposition of such an amendment is definitely much high and this would caution ratification for the impending likelihood of inefficiencies as people would reason thus supporting the legalization of the same. Among pointed out arguments in support to the legalization of these recreational drugs is increased government income through tax and the likelihood of controlling drug abuse. Reasons against the success of the prohibition revolve around the likelihood of the ban to lead to increased drug abuse besides heightened crime, as was the case with the 18th amendment. There have been heated debates within the US in support of or against legalization of such drugs as marijuana, which are considered recreational. According to Swift, 7the support to legalization of Marijuana has increased substantially to double since 1970. The boost to the increase in acceptance comes with the flexibility exhibited by the current administration under president Obama who shows high flexibility on the topic. Swift points out the increased acceptance in the use of marijuana for medical reasons as a reason enough to support the benefits that would be derived in the legalized use of the same. However, he also points to the shortcomings that are pointed out from the medical perspective in increased use of the same. It is argued that increased use of marijuana has the potential of increasing health problems such as through respiratory complications, memory problems and increase in heart rate. These are arguments that would be raised to counter the presumed benefits that would be derived from the legalization (Swift, para 1-6). It is worth noting that marijuana is currently a prohibited drug within US under federal law though recent moves have seen increased legalization of the drug among member states, a move that the Obama government appear to support. For instance, Washington as well as Colorado had voters approve the legalization of such drugs in November last year through referendums. Other states are already in the record of decriminalizing the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes and allow the public to be found in possession of small quantities of the substance. However, there are still rising concerns among medical specialists on the associated health drawbacks that result from the uncontrolled use of marijuana as a recreational drug (South Atlantic news agency, 2013, para 1-5). This are arguments that contradicts the arguments advanced by supporters of the legalized use of these drugs who argue that marijuana, for instance, has been in use for therapeutic purposes long enough and has accompanying benefits. This therefore points out to the existing tags between supporters who would advance reasons to favor legalization of such recreational drugs and their counterparts w ho advance support against legalization of the same. In my opinion, I would consider legalization of recreational drugs as an appropriate step within the modern world as it concerns US. This is because; prohibition has potential of resulting to increased crime in black market operations involving drug